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Relief for a Stiff Neck - PBS Wisconsin. Relief for a Stiff Neck. Work your arms, shoulders and upper back with this Quick Fit stretching routine. Cassy Vieth demonstrates moves to loosen a stiff 於 pbswisconsin. TIGER BALM Medicated Plaster Cool Patch Relief Muscle Showing image 1 of 4. Image is loading TIGER BALM Medicated Plaster Cool Patch Relief Muscle Pain Stiff Neck Back Pain.
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高速道路と自動車 Vol. Analysis of Travel Speed on 4-Lane Signalized Arterials. Transportation Research Procedia Vol. Language： Japanese Publishing type： Research paper scientific journal Publisher： Transportation Research Procedia. Signalized intersections are the major causes of delay to vehicular traffic along signalized arterials.
Although a lot of research has been conducted about the optimization of the performance of signalized intersections, it is mostly applicable to the operations stage and involves changing signal phasing schemes. However, due to cost of roadways construction and the additional improvements after construction, the assessment of the potential performance of the roadway is very important even at the planning stage so that the plans do not call for some unfavorable design features along the arterial.
The lack of performance oriented planning often leads to poor performance, such as very low travel speeds. In this work, we investigate the travel speed along a hypothesized 4-lane signalized arterial, and examine how it changes due to the signalized intersection density, cycle length, mean desired speed, and the function of the intersection. Results showed that cycle lengths up to seconds were sufficient to yield high travel speed. At higher intersection densities, lower travel speeds will be achieved regardless of the mean desired speed.
The function of the signalized intersection was also significant, showing the possibility of maintaining the traffic function of an arterial if it were crossed by a lower level road in the hierarchy. The importance of performance evaluation at the planning stage was further emphasized. Examination on Measuring Quality of Service Considering Car-Following Condition on Intercity Expressways Reviewed.
Follower percentage is such an index obtained by estimating the composite headway distribution consisting of follower and non-follower headway elements and is used as a performance measure that expresses car-following status. Analysis of pulse data obtained from vehicle detectors at multiple points on intercity expressways with different geometric structures and lane operations showed that follower percentage is influenced by lane traffic volume, vehicle pair, and lane operation. It is clarified that follower percentage can realistically express the behavioral characteristics of small and large vehicles, respectively, and probabilistically capture followers according to the actual traffic phenomenon.
Thus, it can be concluded that follower percentage is a suitable index for evaluating the quality of service of traffic flow on intercity expressways under non-congested flow conditions. Impact of Considering Signalized Intersection Density in the Flow-Speed Formula on Benefit Estimation of Road Projects Reviewed. In this process, the speed flow relationship Q-V formula based on the road type is being used for traffic assignment in Japan.
However, in road projects such as grade separation of intersections, if the traffic volume is unchanged through the project, the estimated travel speed is also unchanged, and the effects of the project cannot be properly reflected to the CBA. In this paper, the impact of signalized intersection density on the free speed of the Q-V formula is analyzed by using a traffic simulator. An impact of benefit that is sensitive to the grade separation of intersections by using the calculated free speed is evaluated.
As a result, it was confirmed that the free speed of the Q-V formula changes based on the signalized intersection density, the green time ratio and the desired speed. Finally, three benefits of road projects were calculated by a proposed Q-V formula using the free speed based on the signalized intersection density. And the effect of the new formula was clarified by showing the difference in benefits compared to the conventional method. A Study on using Free Speed for Estimating Expressway Quality of Service Reviewed.
International Comparative Analysis on Car Drivers' Awareness toward Traffic Safety. KAKO Yoko, NAKAMURA Hideki, SUZUKI Kazufumi, KAKIMOTO Yuji. IATSS Review Vol. Language： Japanese Publisher： International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences. In order to reduce the number of traffic accidents more effectively, it is necessary to implement traffic safety measures based on the drivers' awareness toward traffic safety.
To understand traffic safety awareness of different countries and regions, this study conducted a questionnaire survey with drivers in Japan, Italy, and Egypt as a part of the IATSS research project. Although there was undeniably bias in the data samples, the characteristics of drivers' awareness on traffic safety in each country were identified through comparing and analyzing their tolerance toward traffic violations and dangerous driving behaviors.
Study on Start-up Lost Time at Signalized Intersections Considering Downstream Conditions Reviewed. Estimation of Roundabout Entry Capacity and Passenger Car Equivalent for Heavy Vehicles Considering the Impact of Geometric Elements Reviewed. Fang, Y. ラウンドアバウト幾何構造の安全性能評価のためのリスク指標モデリング Reviewed. 土木学会論文集D3 Vol. Global Practices on Road Traffic Signal Control: Fixed-Time Control at Isolated Intersections page： 1 - 5 FANG Yao, ZHANG Xin, NAKAMURA Hideki.
Both the geometric elements and vehicle types have an impact on the entry capacity. Passenger Car Equivalent PCE for heavy vehicles is utilized for roundabout entry capacity estimation. In the Japanese Roundabout Manual JRM , PCE is proposed as a constant value. However, it cannot reflect that the capacity of roundabouts varies with different geometric elements and heavy vehicle percentages.
Therefore, the objective of this study is to estimate the PCE for heavy vehicles depending on various geometric elements. Entry capacity and PCE were estimated by the entry capacity equation in JRM and traffic simulator VISSIM, respectively.
The results revealed that the entry capacity changes with different geometric elements and is significantly related to inscribed circle diameter. It was also concluded that PCE changes with increasing heavy vehicle percentages in the entering and circulating flows. In the urban area, intersections are closely spaced and traffic demand is high.
The performance of upstream intersection is deteriorated including the growth in the SLT. In this paper, the influence of downstream conditions over SLT is analyzed by empirical study.
The result indicates that SLTs at subject intersections are mainly influenced by downstream queue length, offset, segment length, and clearing vehicles. Short downstream segment length, long queue, positive offset, and long clearing time will lead to a high SLT value. Regarding this finding, the effect is further investigated by developing a new car-following model. The new model is built by improving the intelligent driver model and calibrated it with empirical data by a genetic algorithm.
Through scenario simulation and comparison with empirical data, it is proved that the new model not only can reproduce the SLT increase under different downstream conditions but also have a good fit with real-world data.
An Analysis on the Impact of Autonomous Vehicle Mixture on Capacity of Signalized Intersections. WANIBE Kazuma, KAKIMOTO Yuji, NAKAMURA Hideki, IRYO-ASANO Miho.
However, these expectations are not necessarily realized at the stage of popularization of autonomous vehicles. Particularly, at signalized intersections, because vehicles interact with each other in a complicated manner, efficiency may be affected depending on the setting of the behavior parameters of autonomous vehicles. Thus, this paper analyzes the influence of setting of parameters of autonomous vehicles on capacity of through lanes at signalized intersections by using simulation and model equation, and the capacity is calculated by using simulation result considering parameter settings and mixture ratio.
As a result, while it became clear that the cycle length can be shortened by spreading of autonomous vehicles, it is suggested that by inputting discreet setting of the parameters of autonomous vehicles, the efficiency may decrease. YOSHIOKA Keisuke, NAKAMURA Hideki, SHIMOKAWA Sumio, MORITA Hirohisa.
However, such a safety performance index or evaluation methodology has yet to be included in the Japanese guidelines. In this study, we propose a risk index RI that combines the mislook probability and crash impact as a performance index for evaluating the safety of roundabout geometric designs; a method to calculate this index is also described.
Then, a model equation to calculate the RI from the geometric conditions throughout the numerical simulation is presented. Finally, it is demonstrated that the mislook probability is greater when the entry angle is lower, and the crash impact increases when the deviation angle decreases.
Performance evaluation of the inside intersection median-turn lane markings on the mobility and safety performance of signalized intersections in the Philippines and Japan. Jowhell Villegas John, Alhajyaseen Wael K. A Study on the Average Travel Speed on Interrupted Flow Multi-Lane Highways. Akandwanaho Edwin, Iryo Miho, Nakamura Hideki. A Lane-Based Analysis of Stochastic Breakdown Phenomena on an Urban Expressway Section.
GOTO Azusa, KATO Daichi, NAKAMURA Hideki. Language： English Publisher： Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies. In this study, stochastic breakdown phenomena on a two-lane section of a Japanese urban expressway are analyzed and modeled. Because the bottleneck of the subject section is supposed to be a complex geometry with an on-ramp, a horizontal curve and an uphill, analysis is conducted not only by cross section but also by lane to understand the characteristics of breakdowns in detail.
For such a detailed analysis, applicability and limitation of the detector data with different aggregation intervals are also considered. Furthermore, it is found that the discharge flow rate deteriorates as the elapsed time after breakdown increases, especially at the beginning of congestion. An Analysis on Impact of Roundabout Geometric Elements on Driving Behavior. However in Japan, this kind of driving behavior characteristics on roundabouts has not yet been studied enough.
In this study, video surveys for driving behavior by using an UAV were carried out at seven roundabouts with different geometric design and the impact of geometric design elements on driving behavior are analyzed.
As a result, the entry corner radius and the turning angle which is formed by entry and exit legs are shown as critical factors for the lateral acceleration applied to the vehicle. Moreover, it is shown that oversized entry corner radius and turning angle smaller than degrees could lead to lower lateral acceleration and result in lower speed control effect on straight through vehicles.
KATO Daichi, KAKIMOTO Yuji, NAKAMURA Hideki, GOTO Azusa. Recently, a lot of knowledge has been accumulated about breakdown phenomena on expressways, their occurrence mechanisms, stochastic nature, and the differences in the pre- and post-breakdown capacities. Therefore, in this paper, we analyzed the mechanism before and after breakdown in several sections with different usage of the narrowing lane.
Breakdown probability curves were estimated based on lane use characteristics, and it was found that the breakdown probability was highest in merging lanes, followed by passing lanes, and was lowest in lane one.
This is because in lane one there is little variation in lane usage before breakdown, and left-side overtaking occurs in the merging lane, showing that the influence of lane use characteristics is large.
Since the revision of the Road Traffic Law in , roundabouts have been implemented and planned throughout Japan, and further spread is expected in the future. The geometric design of roundabout is a process of determining combinations of various geometric elements, and it is indispensable to evaluate safety performance for the entire geometry in this process.
However, in Japan, concrete methods and indicators for evaluating safety performance have not been considered. Furthermore, the geometric design of existing roundabouts was evaluated and the applicability to Japan was discussed. KANBE Nobuto, ZHANG Xin, NAKAMURA Hideki, ODAKA Shinji. Entry capacity of roundabouts should be confirmed when considering their introduction. However, since there are still few roundabouts in Japan, the impact of roundabout geometry on entry capacity is still unclear.
In addition, although the roundabout entry capacity in Japan is calculated based on the gap acceptance theory, the impact of roundabout geometry on the necessary gap parameters has not been clarified. Therefore, in this study the impact of roundabout geometry on entry capacity of roundabouts was analyzed using empirical data from Japan, and an estimation model of the gap parameters using geometry and traffic conditions as explanatory variables was proposed.
Based on this, the influence of roundabout geometry on entry capacity was quantitatively clarified. Evaluation of the Unsignalized Two-stage Crossing on Basic Road Sections. ISHIYAMA Ryota, GOTO Azusa, NAKAMURA Hideki. On the other hand, in recent years, attention has been paid to a "two-stage crossing", that is a method in which a crosswalk is split into two stages by using a median island.
However, as application examples are still limited in Japan, it is necessary to quantitatively show its effect. In this study, stop-or-go decisions of pedestrians at crosswalks were analyzed considering the impacts of pedestrian crossing time as well as position and speed of approaching vehicles by using observed data. Based on that, the change of the critical gap at the time of applying the two-stage crossing was estimated by formulating a pedestrian gap acceptance model.
In addition, the effect of improving efficiency was quantitatively evaluated, by calculating the average delay of crossing pedestrians using this critical gap. A study on appropriate road spacing for the functionally hierarchical network planning. An Analysis of Characteristics of Heavy Vehicle Behavior at Roundabouts in Japan. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies Vol. Accurate estimation of travel speed along a transport facility is necessary in order to ensure that the facilities meet the required performance.
In this paper, the performance of the Highway Capacity Manual travel speed model is checked for Japanese roads. Then, a travel speed estimation model is developed from data collected along a road section in Hamamatsu City, Japan. The model provides an estimate of the average travel speed along a road section by inputting demand flow rates, section length, number of signalised intersections, signalised intersection density, and the number of access points along the road in the travel direction.
It is found that the travel speed slightly increases with increased section length, and decreases with increased access points and higher number and density of signalised intersections. Critical gap is an important parameter for not only entry capacity estimation but also safety evaluation at roundabouts. This paper gives an overview on the existing procedures for estimating critical gaps and compares them by applying into an empirical data observed at a roundabout in Japan.
Application of other procedures than Raff's method, which has been commonly used in Japan, enables to estimate not only a single representative value of critical gaps e. Through a comparison, differences of the estimated critical gap distributions are presented and discussed considering the limitation in the observed samples. Analytical Study on the Relationship between Level of Pedestrian-vehicle Separation and Performance of Signalized Intersections.
One of the measures to inhibit conflicts between pedestrian and left-turning vehicle at crosswalk of signalized intersections is, to provide separate phases for pedestrian and turning vehicle, such as exclusive pedestrian phase or Leading Pedestrian Interval LPI. LPI is the phase which pedestrian green is displayed a few seconds ahead of vehicle green phase, and in this preceding time interval, a part of pedestrians can be protected from the conflicting left-turning vehicles. From the viewpoint of safety and mobility performance, LPI can be positioned between the conventional four-phase type in which the concurrent pedestrians and vehicles share the same signal phase and the exclusive pedestrian phase type.
However, the safety and mobility performance of these three types of signal phasing is unclear. Thus, this study investigates and compares delays of pedestrian and vehicle, degree of saturation, capacity and pedestrian exposure time under those three types of signal phase types.
Then an application range of LPI and the boundary condition of exclusive pedestrian phase are discussed. A Factor Analysis of Traffic Accident Frequency by Type on Major Road Sections in Japan. This study aims to identify influencing factors of traffic accidents on Japanese major roads through factor analysis and regression analysis for each accident type, considering their characteristics as rare events.
The database consists of a five-year accident record and relevant road traffic condition data on major road sections in Aichi Prefecture, which includes the third largest conurbation area of Japan.
From the results of the factor analysis, a trend of high accident rates in broad urban arterials is confirmed, and rear-end or side collisions are widely distributed in suburban areas. From the regression analysis, results reveal that the degree of impact by traffic volume is dependent on accident type, and suggests that several factors related to visibility have an influence on turning and side collisions. The study suggests that improving the quality of traffic flow on major roads by ensuring proper intersection spacing is important for establishing a safer road network.
Development and Validation of a Roundabout Entry Capacity Model Considering Pedestrians under Japanese Conditions. KANG Nan, KANBE Nobuto, NAKAMURA Hideki, ODAKA Shinji. Besides circulating flow, pedestrian flow is another key conflict stream that significantly influences roundabout entry capacity. The impact of several influencing factors on entry capacity such as splitter islands was examined by applying a microscopic simulation to our previous research.
A regression model was proposed based on the simulation results, which assumed that vehicles yielded to all pedestrians at the beginning of the crosswalk. In this paper, the regression model was validated using field data observed in Japan. The regression model was improved by adding a parameter to reflect drivers' compliance with pedestrians. The validation results indicate that the improved model shows good fitness to the field data and the results imply that roundabout geometry and traffic flow composition significantly influence entry capacity.
Passenger Car Equivalent of Heavy Vehicles for Roundabout Entry Capacity Estimation. GOTO Azusa, KANG Nan, NAKAMURA Hideki, MASHIMA Kiminori. As implementation of roundabouts is being discussed at more numbers of places after the partial revision of Road Traffic Law in , quantifying the impact of heavy vehicles on entry capacity is an important and urgent task in Japan.
The objective of this study is to estimate passenger car equivalent PCE of heavy vehicles at roundabouts in Japan. Since the number of actual roundabouts is still limited, this study adopts a microscopic traffic simulator for obtaining entry capacity under various heavy vehicle percentages in either entry or circulating flow. Then, passenger car equivalents at entry and circulatory roadway are derived based on the simulated capacities. As a result, it is found that the estimated passenger car equivalent is higher at entry than at circulatory roadway.
At the end, entry capacity with heavy vehicles in both entry and circulating flows simultaneously is reasonably calculated by using the estimated passenger car equivalents. This study aims at investigating the appropriate composition of a functionally hierarchical road network which can achieve the target travel times set for various connections of centers in the subjective region.
Here, composition is defined as a combination of the number of hierarchical road levels, target travel speed, road spacing and access spacing of each road level. In this paper, alternatives of such a composition are derived by considering the impact of road crossings as well as roadside access.
At the end, a case study is conducted in Tokaido region, Japan, and travel performance indices, namely travel time and average travel speed, between various types of centers are estimated under each alternative composition of a functionally hierarchical road network. The result shows that road level with higher travel speed i. Gap acceptance analysis of right-turn vehicles considering positions of opposing through vehicles. The gap acceptance behavior to the opposing through traffic of "permitted" right-turn vehicles is one of the important events for evaluating the safety of signalized intersections.
In this study, a decision-making process of gap acceptance was carefully investigated through paying attention to a difference by the number of opposing approach lanes. Moreover, a gap acceptance model of permitted right-turn vehicles at the multilane signalized intersection was developed considering arriving vehicles' positions in the multiple opposing approach lanes by using binomial logit model. The model estimation result quantitatively showed that the gap acceptance decision is being influenced not only by gap times and arrival through vehicle speeds but also by their driving positions at the intersection approach lane.
Furthermore, the calculation result of the critical gap time suggested that it varies depending on the positions of opposing through vehicles in the multilane intersection comparing to the case of single opposing lane intersection. Modeling pedestrian density distribution on crosswalk of signalized intersections and its application for setting Leading Pedestrian Interval LPI. Timing of pedestrian phase plays an important role in the safety and mobility performance at signalized intersections.
In order to evaluate the performance, it is useful to understand effects of crosswalk length and signal timing on pedestrian presence position and timing. This study investigates the effects of elapsed pedestrian green time, waiting time, crosswalk length and pedestrian volume on the spatiotemporal probability of pedestrian presence and models its distributions considering these influencing factors. It was found that pedestrian presence probability distributions shift to the moving direction as pedestrians proceed.
The shorter pedestrian waiting time and longer crosswalk length lead to the wider distribution of pedestrian presence probability. In addition, application of the pedestrian presence probability model for setting Leading Pedestrian Interval LPI is discussed.
Possible ranges of LPI are investigated dependent on crosswalk length, vehicle flow rate and ratio of pedestrian having passed the conflict area according to pedestrian directional rate.
SHIOMI Yasuhiro, WATANABE Kazuki, NAKAMURA Hideki, AKAHANE Hirokazu. To enhance traffic safety, it is essential to identify the risk factors with qualitative manner, and to reform the configuration of intersections and improve the traffic management for removing the risk factors.
In this study, first we collected the data of intersection geometric attributes and lane configurations by using virtual database cf. Google Earth and Google Street View , which was integrated with the data of traffic accidents, road networks, and traffic volume.
Then, Poisson regression models were applied to statistically identify the risk factors on categorized traffic accidents. Finally, the expected number of reduction of traffic accidents are estimated based on the regression models when the reformations are applied to the intersections in Kagawa. Modeling Pedestrian Presence Probability on Signalized Crosswalks for the Safety Assessment Considering Crosswalk Length and Signal Timing.
Quantifying effects of crosswalk length and signal timing on pedestrians' presence position and timing is an important requirement for evaluating the probability of conflict. It can be utilized to provide a rational safety assessment and improve existing operational policies at signalized intersections. This study investigates the effects of crosswalk length and pedestrian green time on the spatiotemporal probability of pedestrian presence.
It was found that the longer pedestrian green time and crosswalk length leads to the wider distribution of pedestrian presence probability.
In addition, a surrogate safety measure for assessing pedestrian safety is proposed by utilizing the pedestrian presence probability model. KANBE Nobuto, ODAKA Shinji, KANG Nan, NAKAMURA Hideki, MORITA Hirohisa.
In recent years, field operational tests and implementation of roundabout are actively promoted at several places in Japan, and roundabout has been legally positioned through the amendment of the Road Traffic Act in June Entry capacity is one of the most important indices for performance evaluation related to the application of roundabouts.
However, a criterion of entry capacity including impacts of pedestrians and cyclists based on the observation has not been available in Japan due to the limited observation examples. Entry capacity observed at Roppontsuji roundabout in Karuizawa Town is also examined and compared with the estimated values by a proposed entry capacity estimation model.
The objective of this study is to clarify a relationship between the road traffic conditions and accident frequency through statistical model analysis towards implementing effective safety measures. A rich accident database was combined with relevant road traffic information by using GIS software, and two different models, i. negative binomial regression and multiple regression models were independently applied for estimating accident frequency.
As a result, it was found that accident frequency is closely related to average travel speeds and distance between intersections in arterial roads. Regarding non-arterial roads, the result specified different influencing factors by accident type. Furthermore, it suggested a high potential of frequent accident occurrence in non-arterial roads particularly at positions close to the arterial roads with low average travel speed. Finally, the necessity of improving quality of traffic flow and hierarchical road network for road safety was discussed.
Setting the Target Performance for Functionally Hierarchical Road Network Planning. For functionally hierarchical road planning, it is important to set the appropriate target network defined by the number of road levels, road spacing and target travel speed of each road level, considering distribution of urban city centers, target travel time among them and demand characteristics.
This study proposes a methodology to determine the variables that define target network based on the percentage of urban centers between which their target travel time is achieved as well as construction cost. In this methodology, target travel speed ratio is assumed to be proportional to road spacing ratio between two connected road levels, and the road levels with the highest or lowest target travel speed needs to be given in advance.
These assumptions enable to limit the number of scenarios with realistic combinations of road spacing and target travel speed under the trade-off between mobility and access functions. Finally, a simple case study is conducted with a hypothetical grid network assuming some typical urban center distribution. As a result, the effects of number of road levels and target travel speeds on travel time by trip length and construction cost are demonstrated.
A Study on Roundabout Entry Capacity Model Considering Pedestrians under Japanese Conditions. KANG Nan, NAKAMURA Hideki, KANBE Nobuto.
The existing methodology for roundabout entry capacity estimation is assuming the standard geometric layout and user behavior in other countries. However in Japan, it is often likely that the physical splitter islands are not implemented mainly due to space limitations, and thus pedestrian behavior and its impacts on entry capacity are different from those in the other countries. In this paper, simulation analyses were carried out with respect to impacts of geometry and user behavior conditions that are typical in Japan on entry capacity, and by using their results a multiple regression model for entry capacity estimation was developed.
The model was validated with data observed at Roppontsuji roundabout in Karuizawa, Nagano. It was found that the estimation performance of the proposed model was very satisfactory while the existing methodology overestimates the capacity. WATANABE Kazuki, NAKAMURA Hideki, IRYO-ASANO Miho. It is of great importance to analyze right-turning behavior at signalized intersection given high accident records related to right-turn vehicles, which also helps provide valuable insights into safety assessment of signalized intersection.
This study aims to analyze the right-turn vehicle behavior in protected right-turn phase by considering the influencing factors of geometric characteristics and signal operation. It was found based on empirical modeling results that the right-turn vehicle behavior is closely related to geometric characteristics such as intersection angle and setback distance of stop bar.
Furthermore, in order to make a balance of both positive and negative impact, the potential strategies may bring upon safety performance of signalized intersection, all the influencing factors related to right-turn behavior were summarized and evaluated. Finally, the necessity of employing microscopic simulation to enable a comprehensive evaluation of surrogate safety meausure SSM at signalized intersection was examined.
ZHANG Xin, NAKAMURA Hideki, IRYO-ASANO Miho, CHEN Peng. Quantifying the effects of crosswalk length and signal timing on pedestrian walking speed is an important requirement for providing a rational safety assessment at signalized intersections.
This study investigates the effects of pedestrian green time PG , crosswalk length and pedestrian crossing direction on pedestrian walking speed at signalized crosswalk. It is assumed that the pedestrian walking speeds consist of two components v1 and v2 at two consecutive halves of crosswalk. Empirical analysis shows that the longer crosswalk tends to induce the higher walking speed. Dr Berg. Causes Of Fatigue. Adrenal Fatigue. Palmer College Of Chiropractic.
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The king and all his household attendants, hearing the words of the Rishi, Knowing the cause of his regretful sorrow, banished from their minds all further anxiety:. said to have begotten this excellent son, gives me rest at heart; Then the sage Asita, having made known the real fate which awaited the prince to the king who was thus disturbed about his son, departed by the way of the wind as he had come, his figure watched reverentially in his flight.
EBC: matir. Was greatly affected with reverence to the child, he redoubled measures for its protection, and was filled with constant thought; moreover he issued decrees through the empire, to liberate all captives in prison.
According to the custom when a royal son was born, giving the usual largess, in agreement with the directions of the Sacred Books, and extending his gifts to all; or, all these things he did completely. The monarch also, being well-pleased at the birth of a son, having thrown off all those bonds called worldly objects, caused his son to go through the usual birth-ceremonies in a manner worthy of the family. 吉＝告＜元＞＜明＞ 嚫施＝親族＜三＞ The women who dwelt in the city or the villages, all those who needed cattle or horses or elephants or money, each, according to his necessities, was liberally supplied;.
EBC: divase. 珠絞絡＝諸珓珞＜三＞ Then selecting by divination a lucky time, they took the child back to his own palace; with a double-feeding white-pure-tooth, carried in a richly-adorned chariot cradle , With ornaments of every kind and colour round his neck; shining with beauty, exceedingly resplendent with unguents. Then he, with his soul under strict restraint, having performed all kinds of ceremonies which rejoiced his heart, on a fortunate day, in an auspicious moment, gladly determined to enter his city.
The queen embracing him in her arms, going around, worshipped the heavenly spirits. Afterwards she remounted her precious chariot, surrounded by her waiting women;. the king, with his ministers and people, and all the crowd of attendants, leading the way and following, Even as the ruler of heaven, Sakra, is surrounded by crowds of Devas;.
Having made his wife with her child enter first into the city, accompanied by the aged attendants, the king himself also advanced, saluted by the hosts of the citizens, as Indra entering heaven, saluted by the immortals.
as Mahesvara, when suddenly his six-faced child was born, Arranging every kind of present, gave gifts, and asked for blessings; so now the king, when his royal son was born, made all his arrangements in like manner;.
So the king, now the royal prince was born, in the kingdom of Kapila, his people and all his subjects were likewise filled with joy. Whilst elephants, horses and chariots and the wealth of the country and precious vessels, daily increased and abounded, being produced wherever requisite;. Of different kinds of wealth and jewels, and of gold, wrought or unwrought, he found treasures of manifold variety, surpassing even the capacity of his desires.
So too countless hidden treasures came of themselves from the earth. From the midst of the pure snowy mountains, a wild herd of white elephants, Without noise, of themselves, came; not curbed by any, self-subdued,. Elephants from Himavat, raging with rut, whom not even princes of elephants like Padma could teach to go round in circles, came without any effort and waited on him. With sparkling jewelled manes and flowing tails, came prancing round, as if with wings; these too, born in the desert, came at the right time, of themselves.
His city was all astir with the crowds of horses, some adorned with various marks and decked with new golden trappings, others unadorned and with long flowing manes,--suitable alike in strength, gentleness, and costly ornaments. And many fertile cows, with tall calves, gathered in his kingdom, well nourished and happy, gentle and without fierceness, and producing excellent milk.
EBC: sva. Enmity and envy gave way to peace; content and rest prevailed on every side, whilst there was closer union amongst the true of heart, discord and variance were entirely appeased;. His enemies became indifferent; indifference grew into friendship; his friends became specially united; were there two sides,--one passed into oblivion.
The gentle air distilled a seasonable rain, no crash of storm or tempest was heard, the springing seeds, not waiting for their time, grew up apace and yielded abundant increase;. Heaven rained in his kingdom in due time and place, with the sound of gentle winds and clouds, and adorned with wreaths of lightning, and without any drawback of showers of stones or thunderbolts. The five cereals grew ripe with scented grain, soft and glutinous, easy of digestion; all creatures big with young, possessed their bodies in ease and their frames well-gathered;.
A fruitful crop sprang up according to season, even without the labour of ploughing; and the old plants grew more vigorous in juice and substance. Even at that crisis which threatens danger to the body like the collision of battle, pregnant women brought forth in good health, in safety, and without sickness. EBC: yac ca pratibhvo. Had no proud, envious longings; no angry, hateful thoughts. All men and women were grave profound as the first man of the age kalpa.
All the temples of the gods and sacred shrines, the gardens, wells, and fountains, all these like things in heaven, produced of themselves, at the proper time, their several adornments. Those who sought religious merit performed sacred works and made gardens, temples, and hermitages, wells, cisterns, lakes, and groves, having beheld heaven as it were visible before their eyes.
EBC: svargam. The people, delivered from famine, fear, and sickness, dwelt happily as in heaven; and in mutual contentment husband transgressed not against wife, nor wife against husband. Piously affectioned they indulged in mutual pleasures, there were no impure or polluting desires, they sought their daily gain righteously, no covetous money-loving spirit prevailed,. None pursued love for mere sensual pleasure; none hoarded wealth for the sake of desires; none practised religious duties for the sake of gaining wealth; none injured living beings for the sake of religious duty.
But with religious purpose they gave liberally; there was no thought of any reward return , but all practised the four rules of purity; and every hateful thought was suppressed and destroyed.
On every side theft and its kindred vices disappeared; his own dominion was in peace and at rest from foreign interference; prosperity and plenty belonged to him, and the cities in his realm were healthy like the forests. EBC: sutasya tasya. 以備衆徳義＝衆徳義備故＜三＞ From excessive joy which could not be controlled died, and was born in heaven. With beauty seldom seen on earth, seeing him thus born and now his mother dead, loved and nourished him as her own child; and the child regarded her as his mother.
So as the light of the sun or the moon, little by little increases, the royal child also increased each day in every mental excellency and beauty of person;. Then like the young sun on the eastern mountain or the fire when fanned by the wind, the prince gradually grew in all due perfection, like the moon in the fortnight of brightness. The members of tributary states, hearing that the king had an heir born to him, sent their presents and gifts of various kinds, oxen, sheep, deer, horses, and chariots,.
Ornaments also suitable to his age, and elephants, deer, and horses made of gold, carriages and oxen decked with rich garments, and carts gay with silver and gold. Precious vessels and elegant ornaments, fit to delight the heart of the prince; but though presented with such pleasing trifles, the necklaces and other pretty ornaments,. Thus indulged with all sorts of such objects to please the senses as were suitable to his years, child as he was, he behaved not like a child in gravity, purity, wisdom, and dignity.
The mind nature of the prince was unmoved, his bodily frame small indeed, but his heart established; his mind at rest within its own high purposes, was not to be disturbed by glittering baubles. When he had passed the period of childhood and reached that of middle youth, the young prince learned in a few days the various sciences suitable to his race, which generally took many years to master.
And now he was brought to learn the useful arts, when lo! once instructed at one hearing he surpassed his teachers. His father, the king, seeing his exceeding talent, and his deep purpose to have done with the world and its allurements,.
Began to enquire as to the names of those in his tribe who were renowned for elegance and refinement. In every way fitting to become a consort for the prince; and to allure by pleasant wiles his heart. The prince with a mind so far removed from the world , with qualities so distinguished, and with so charming an appearance, the virtuous damsel, lovely and refined, gentle and subdued in manner; Majestic like the queen of heaven, constant ever, cheerful night and day,.
establishing the palace in purity and quiet, full of dignity and exceeding grace, Like a lofty hill rising up in space; or as a white autumn cloud;. Then he spent his time in those royal apartments, furnished with the delights proper for every season, gaily decorated like heavenly chariots upon the earth, and bright like the clouds of autumn, amidst the splendid musical concerts of singing-women. warm or cool according to the season; choosing a proper dwelling according to the year, Surrounded by a return of singing women, who join their voices in harmonious heavenly concord, without any jarring or unpleasant sound, exciting in the hearers forgetfulness of worldly cares.
如天 犍撻婆 7 自然寶宮殿 樂女奏天音 8 聲色耀心目 菩薩處高宮 9 音樂亦如是 As the heavenly Gandharvas of themselves in their beauteous palaces cause the singing women to raise heavenly strains, the sounds of which and their beauty ravish both eyes and heart; So Bodhisattva dwelt in his lofty palace, with music such as this. There the women delighted him with their soft voices, their beautiful pearl-garlands, their playful intoxication, their sweet laughter, and their stolen glances concealed by their brows.
父王爲太子 10 靜居修純徳 仁慈正法化 11 親賢遠惡友. Delighting in the teaching of the true law, he put away from him every evil companion,. Borne in the arms of these women well-skilled in the ways of love, and reckless in the pursuit of pleasure, he fell from the roof of a pavilion and yet reached not the ground, like a holy sage stepping from a heavenly chariot.
心不染恩愛 12 於欲起毒想 攝情撿諸根 13 滅除輕躁意. that his heart might not be polluted by lust; regarding inordinate desire as poison, Keeping his passion and his body in due control, destroying and repressing all trivial thoughts,. 和顏善聽 訟 14 慈教厭衆心 宣化諸外道 15 斷諸謀逆術 desiring to enjoy virtuous conversation, loving instruction fit to subdue the hearts of men, Aiming to accomplish the conversion of unbelievers; removing all schemes of opposition from whatever source they came ,.
He turned to no sensual pleasures like one wanting in self-control; he felt no violent delight in any state of birth; he subdued by firmness the restless horses of the senses; and he surpassed his kindred and citizens by his virtues. 教學濟世方 16 萬民得安樂 如 令我子安 17 萬民亦如是 by the enlightening power of his doctrine, aiming to save the entire world; thus he desired that the body of people should obtain rest; Even as we desire to give peace to our children, so did he long to give rest to the world.
He sought not learning to vex another; such knowledge as was beneficent, that only he studied; he wished well to all mankind as much as to his own subjects. 事火奉諸神 18 叉手飮 月光 恒水沐浴身 19 法水澡其心 祈福非存己 20 唯子及萬民 Bathing his body in the waters of the Ganges; cleansing his heart in the waters of religion, performing his duties with no private aim, but regarding his child and the people at large,.
愛 言非無義 21 義言非不愛 愛言非不實 22 實言非不愛 Loving righteous conversation, righteous words with loving aim , loving words with no mixture of falsehood, true words imbued by love,. He bathed to purify his body and mind with the waters of holy places and of holy feelings; and at the same time he drank the soma-juice as enjoined by the Veda, and the heartfelt self-produced happiness of perfect calm.
以有慚愧故 23 不能如實説 於愛不愛事 24 不依貪恚想. And yet withal so modest and self-distrustful, unable on that account to speak as confident of truth; loving to all, and yet not loving the world, with no thought of selfishness or covetous desire,.
He only spoke what was pleasant and not unprofitable; he discoursed about what was true and not ill-natured, he could not speak even to himself for very shame a false pleasant thing or a harsh truth. 志存於寂默 25 平 正止諍訟 不以祠天會 26 勝於斷事福 Aiming to restrain the tongue and in quietness to find rest from wordy contentions, not seeking in the multitude of religious duties to condone for a worldly principle in action;.
In things which required to be done, whether they were pleasant or disagreeable, he found no reason either for desire or dislike; he pursued the advantageous which could be attained without litigation; he did not so highly value sacrifice.
見 彼多求衆 27 豐施過其望 心無戰爭想 28 以徳降怨敵 But aiming to benefit the world, by a liberal and unostentatious charity; the heart without any contentious thought, but resolved by goodness to subdue the contentious,. When a suppliant came to him with a petition, he at once hastened to quench his thirst with the water sprinkled on his gift; and without fighting, by the battle-axe of his demeanour he smote down the arrogant armed with double pride.
求情得其罪 2 應死垂仁恕 不加麁惡言 3 軟 語而教勅 務施以財物 4 指授資生路 語＝言＜三＞ Desiring to mortify the passions, and to destroy every enemy of virtue, not multiplying coarse or unseemly words, but exhorting to virtue in the use of courteous language, Full of sympathy and ready charity, pointing out and practising the way of mutual dependence,.
Guilty persons, even though he had sentenced them to death, he did not cause to be killed nor even looked on them with anger; he bound them with gentle words and with the reform produced in their character,--even their release was accompanied by no inflicted injury. 受學神仙道 5 滅除怨恚心 名徳普流聞 6 世 間永消亡 receiving and understanding the wisdom of spirits and Rishis, crushing and destroying every cruel and hateful thought; Thus his fame and virtue were widely renowned,.
He performed great religious vows prescribed by ancient seers; he threw aside hostile feelings long cherished; he acquired glory redolent with the fragrance of virtue; he relinquished all passions involving defilement. 主匠修明徳 7 率土皆承習 如人心安靜 8 四體諸根從. and yet himself finally or, for ever separate from the ties of the world, showing the ability of a master builder, laying a good foundation of virtue, an example for all the earth; When the monarch himself was thus employed his servants and citizens followed his example, like the senses of one absorbed in contemplation whose mind is abstracted in profound repose.
EBC: su. the prince having begotten a son, will love his son as I love him, Then the king who from regard to the welfare of his race had longed for a son and been exceedingly delighted [at his coming],--as he had rejoiced at the birth of his son, so did he now rejoice at the birth of his grandson. EBC: pautrasya. EBC: mamaiva. Like as in the first days of the kalpa, Rishi-kings by the way in which they walked , practising pure and spotless deeds, offered up religious offerings, without harm to living thing,.
And illustriously prepared an excellent karma, so the king excelling in the excellence of purity, in family and excellency of wealth, excelling in strength and every exhibition of prowess,. Standing in the paths of the pre-eminent kings who flourished in primaeval ages, he practised austerities without laying aside his white garments, and he offered in sacrifice only those things which involved no injury to living creatures.
王者＝人王＜三＞ Reflected the glory of his name through the world, as the sun sheds abroad his thousand rays. He of holy deeds shone forth gloriously, in the splendour of royalty and the splendour of penances, conspicuous by his family and his own conduct and wisdom, and desirous to diffuse brightness like the sun.
Enjoying the happiness of increased wisdom; understanding the truth, by his own righteousness derived from previous hearing of the truth; the reward of previous acts, widely known. Would that this might lead my son he prayed to love his child and not forsake his home; the kings of all countries, whose sons have not yet grown up,.
Have prevented them exercising authority in the empire, in order to give their minds relaxation, and for this purpose have provided them with worldly indulgences, so that they may perpetuate the royal seed;. So now the king, having begotten a royal son, indulged him in every sort of pleasure; desiring that he might enjoy these worldly delights, and not wish to wander from his home in search of wisdom;.
The prudent kings of the earth, who wish to guard their prosperity, watch over their sons in the world; but this king, though loving religion, kept his son from religion and set him free towards all objects of pleasure.
In former times the Bodhisattva kings, although their way life has been restrained severe , have yet enjoyed the pleasures of the world, and when they have begotten a son, then separating themselves from family ties, Have afterwards entered the solitude of the mountains, to prepare themselves in the way of a silent recluse.
But all Bodhisattvas, those beings of pre-eminent nature, after knowing the flavour of worldly enjoyments, have departed to the forest as soon as a son is born to them; therefore he too, though he had accomplished all his previous destiny, even when the final motive had begun to germinate, still went on pursuing worldly pleasure up to the time of attaining the supreme wisdom.
Minstrel maidens cause their songs, and chorded music, to invite the prince. He, hearing the sounds of singing, sighs for the pleasures of the garden shades, And cherishing within these happy thoughts, he dwelt upon the joys of an outside excursion; even as the chained elephant ever longs for the free desert wilds.
Having heard of the delightful appearance of the city groves beloved by the women, he resolved to go out of doors, like an elephant long shut up in a house. The royal father, hearing that the prince would enjoy to wander through the gardens, first ordered all his attendant officers to adorn and arrange them, after their several offices:. EBC: iva. So that his son in his present humour might see nothing likely to afflict his heart. Then having removed out of the way with the greatest gentleness all those who had mutilated limbs or maimed senses, the decrepit and the sick and all squalid beggars, they made the highway assume its perfect beauty.
Along this road thus made beautiful, the fortunate prince with his well-trained attendants came down one day at a proper time from the roof of the palace and went to visit the king by his leave. The adornments being duly made, the prince was invited to an audience; The king seeing his son approach, patted his head and looking at the colour of his face, feelings of sorrow and joy intermingled, bound him.
His mouth willing to speak, his heart restrained. EBC: vidyuc. Now see the jewel-fronted gaudy chariot; the four equally-pacing, stately horses; good-tempered and well-trained; young and of graceful appearance; Perfectly pure and white, and draped with flowery coverings.
In the same chariot stands the stately driver;. He then mounted a golden chariot, adorned with reins bright like flashing lightning, and yoked with four gentle horses, all wearing golden trappings. the streets were scattered over with flowers; precious drapery fixed on either side of the way, With dwarfed trees lining the road, costly vessels employed for decoration, hanging canopies and variegated banners, silken curtains, moved by the rustling breeze,.
With a worthy retinue he entered the road which was strewn with heaps of gleaming flowers, with garlands suspended and banners waving, like the moon with its asterism entering the sky. 挾＝侠＜三＞ Spectators arranged on either side of the path.
With bodies bent and glistening eyes, eagerly gazing, but not rudely staring, as the blue lotus flower they bent drooping in the air,. Slowly, slowly he passed along the highway, watched on every side by the citizens, and beshowered by their eyes opened wide with curiosity like blue lotuses. Ministers and attendants flocking round him, as stars following the chief of the constellation; all uttering the same suppressed whisper of admiration, at a sight so seldom seen in the world;.
Some praised him for his gentle disposition, others hailed him for his glorious appearance, others eulogised his beauty from his fine countenance and desired for him length of days.
Rich and poor, humble and exalted, old and young and middle-aged, all paid the greatest respect, and invoked blessings on the occasion:.
Hump-backed men coming out from the great families, and troops of foresters and dwarfs, and women coming out from the meaner houses bowed down like the banners of some procession of the gods. So the country-folk and the town-folk, hearing that the prince was coming forth, the well-to-do not waiting for their servants, those asleep and awake not mutually calling to one another,. The six kinds of creatures not gathered together and penned, the money not collected and locked up, the doors and gates not fastened, all went pouring along the way on foot;.
Hindered by the strings of their girdles which had slipped down, with their eyes bewildered as just awakened from sleep, and with their ornaments hastily put on in the stir of the news, and filled with curiosity, they crowded round;. The towers were filled and the mounds by the trees, the windows and the terraces along the streets; with bent body fearing to lift their eyes, carefully seeing that there was nothing about them to offend,.
Frightening the flocks of birds which lived in the houses, with the noise of their girdles and the jingling of their anklets which resounded on the staircases and roofs of the mansions, and mutually reproaching one another for their hurry. Some of these women, even in their haste as they rushed longing to see, were delayed in their going by the weight of their hips and full bosoms. Another, though well able to go herself, checked her pace and forbore to run, hiding with shame her ornaments hitherto worn only in seclusion, and now too boldly displayed.
There they were restlessly swaying about in the windows, crowded together in the mutual press, with their earrings polished by the continual collision and their ornaments all jingling. Those seated on high addressing those seated on the ground, those going on the road addressing those passing on high, the mind intent on one object alone; so that if a heavenly form had flown past, Or a form entitled to highest respect, there would have been no distraction visible,.
The lotus-like faces of the women gleamed while they looked out from the windows with their earrings coming into mutual proximity, as if they were real lotuses fastened upon the houses. so intent was the body and so immovable the limbs. And now beautiful as the opening lily, He advances towards the garden glades, wishing to accomplish the words of the holy prophet Rishi.
With the palaces all alive with crowds of damsels, every aperture thrown open in eager curiosity, the magnificent city appeared on every side like heaven with its divine chariots thronged with celestial nymphs. EBC: tasmin. The people on their part gazed at the prince, so beautifully adorned, with all his retinue, Like an assembled company of kings gathered to see a heaven-born prince.
Gazing down upon the prince in the road. the women appeared as if longing to fall to the earth; gazing up to him with upturned faces, the men seemed as if longing to rise to heaven. Beholding for the first time that high-road thus crowded with respectful citizens, all dressed in white sedate garments, the prince for a while did feel a little pleasure and thought that it seemed to promise a revival of his youth.
His form changed into that of an old man, struggling for life, his heart weak and oppressed. The prince seeing the old man, filled with apprehension, asked his charioteer,. The prince having beheld him thus overcome with decrepitude and different in form from other men, with his gaze intently fixed on him, thus addressed his driver with simple confidence:.
his head white and his shoulders bent, his eyes bleared and his body withered, holding a stick to support him along the way. The charioteer, his heart much embarrassed, scarcely dared to answer truly, Till the pure-born Deva added his spiritual power, and caused him to frame a reply in true words:. will this evil come to me also? 修習＝習修＜三＞ Bodhisattva, who had long prepared the foundation of pure and spotless wisdom, Broadly setting the root of every high quality, with a view to gather large fruit in his present life, hearing these words respecting the sorrow of age, was afflicted in mind, and his hair stood up-right.
Then he, the great-souled one, who had his mind purified by the impressions of former good actions, who possessed a store of merits accumulated through many preceding aeons, was deeply agitated when he heard of old age, like a bull who has heard the crash of a thunderbolt close by.
Just as the roll of the thunder and the storm alarm and put to flight the cattle; so was Bodhisattva affected by the words; shaking with apprehension, he deeply sighed;. Drawing a long sigh and shaking his head, and fixing his eyes on that decrepit old man, and looking round on that exultant multitude he then uttered these distressed words:. EBC: bhave. In that which soon must wither, stricken by the marks of age; affecting all without exception; though gifted now with youth and strength, yet not one but soon must change and pine away.
The eye beholding such signs as these before it, how can it not be oppressed by a desire to escape? the years of my life like the fast-flying wind; turn your chariot, and with speedy wheels take me to my palace.
And so his heart keeping in the same sad tone, he was as one who returns to a place of entombment; unaffected by any engagement or employment, so he found no rest in anything within his home.
The Deva then caused himself to appear as a sick man; struggling for life, he stood by the wayside, his body swollen and disfigured, sighing with deep-drawn groans,
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